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导言
2023 年末,地区法院根据《佐治亚州限制性盟约法》(GRCA)做出了有利于限制性盟约执行者的初步禁令判决,这证实了在佐治亚州成功执行盟约的前景非常光明1. There, the parties’ franchise agreements expressly stated that Georgia law governed them, thus invoking the GRCA with respect to analysis of the validity of a covenant not to compete in those agreements.[/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]But what about agreements containing a choice-of-law provision specifying a non-Georgia jurisdiction? Would that mean that the non-Georgia law controls when determining the enforceability of a restrictive covenant, even when the covenant is litigated in a Georgia court? On September 6, 2023, the Supreme Court of Georgia answered “no” to the latter question in 科尼尔斯赛车运动有限责任公司诉布尔巴赫案2, holding that enforceability of a restrictive covenant litigated in a Georgia court implicates Georgia law, irrespective of whether a choice-of-law provision specified non-Georgia law.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][us_image image=”805″ align=”center” link=”%7B%22type%22%3A%22popup_image%22%7D” css=”%7B%22default%22%3A%7B%22max-height%22%3A%22600px%22%7D%7D”][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner css=”%7B%22default%22%3A%7B%22margin-bottom%22%3A%222rem%22%7D%7D”][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text]
背景情况
Edmund Burbach 曾在六家哈雷戴维森经销商("经销商")工作,并被提升为首席运营官。当时,他与其中两家经销商签署了雇佣协议,即 Motorsports of Conyers, LLC d/b/a Falcons Fury Harley-Davidson 和 Motorsports of Durham, LLC d/b/a Raging Bull Harley-Davidson(统称 "Motorsports")。除其他事项外,这些条款禁止布尔巴赫在终止雇用后的三年内为任何经销商方圆 120 英里内的任何竞争对手工作。
Burbach’s employment with Harley-Davidson ended three years later, at which time he began working for a different Harley-Davidson dealership that competed with the dealerships and that was located less than 20 miles from Falcons Fury. Citing the covenants, Motorsports asked Burbach to end that job, but Burbach persisted.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner css=”%7B%22default%22%3A%7B%22margin-bottom%22%3A%222rem%22%7D%7D”][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][vc_column_text]
程序的历史 布尔巴赫
Motorsports 向亨利县高等法院起诉布尔巴赫违反了契约,然后申请了初步禁令。高等法院签发了禁令,适用佛罗里达州法律并强制执行契约。在此过程中,法院驳回了 Burbach 的论点,即佐治亚州的法律应该适用,因为佛罗里达州的限制性契约法违反了佐治亚州的公共政策。
佐治亚州上诉法院推翻了高等法院的判决。上诉法院将 GRCA 与佛罗里达州的法律进行了比较,认为佛罗里达州的法律违反了佐治亚州的公共政策,因为佛罗里达州的法律可能会支持契约的可执行性,而 GRCA 则会因契约在期限、活动范围和地域范围方面过于宽泛而使其无效。
The Supreme Court of Georgia granted review of the Court of Appeals’ decision “to clarify the framework for deciding whether to apply contracting parties’ choice of foreign law to govern the enforceability of a restrictive covenant in an employment contract.” The Supreme Court agreed that Georgia law governed, but announced different reasons to support that conclusion.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][us_image image=”809″ align=”center” link=”%7B%22type%22%3A%22popup_image%22%7D” css=”%7B%22default%22%3A%7B%22max-height%22%3A%22650px%22%7D%7D”][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner css=”%7B%22default%22%3A%7B%22margin-bottom%22%3A%222rem%22%7D%7D”][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text]
佐治亚州最高法院 布尔巴赫 意见
法院在开始讨论时指出,佐治亚州法律尊重对外国(非佐治亚州)法律的合同选择,除非这样做违反了佐治亚州的公共政策。传统上,人们可以通过证明 "管辖该问题的外国法律与任何相应的佐治亚州法律显著不同 "来证明这种违反。"显著不同 "是指 "外国法律与[佐治亚州]自身法学体系中存在的任何法律都截然不同',以至于会'严重违反'佐治亚州法律所体现的政策"。
然而,法院认为,限制性约定分析的背景并不要求进行传统的比较分析。得出这一结论的原因是,法院认为,根据《乔治亚州限制性协议法》被视为不合理的限制性协议是一种 "普遍限制贸易 "的合同,佐治亚州的一项法规明确将其列为违反佐治亚州公共政策的行为。
因此,对于在佐治亚州提起的任何涉及合同选择外国法律的限制性约定案件,在进行可执行性分析时都必须首先适用 GRCA。
- 如果法院得出结论认为限制性约定在 GRCA 下是合理的,它 "可以尊重法律选择条款并适用外国法律来确定限制性约定的可执行性"。
- 另一方面,如果法院得出结论认为,根据《普通法》,限制性约定是不合理的,那么法院必须拒绝执行书面约定,尽管法院可以根据《普通法》采取 "蓝色铅笔法 "来修改约定中被认为不合理的部分。
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结论
如果限制性条款的当事人同意在包含该条款的雇佣协议或其他协议中选择非佐治亚州法律,那么他们应该意识到,如果在佐治亚州法院就该条款提起诉讼,并且法院可以对作为一方被告的当事人之一行使属人管辖权,那么法院将适用佐治亚州法律(即 GRCA)来评估限制性条款的可执行性,而与法律选择条款无关。因此,寻求避免在案件中适用 GRCA 的一方应在协议中加入法庭选择条款,选择佐治亚州以外的法庭裁决与协议相关的任何争议。3. The ability to select the forum places a premium on understanding how the restrictive covenant law of the potentially chosen forum compares to those of other forums. Experienced counsel can place a business in the best position to make that determination before execution of an agreement.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][us_image image=”807″ link=”%7B%22type%22%3A%22popup_image%22%7D”][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][us_vwrapper inner_items_gap=”1rem” css=”%7B%22default%22%3A%7B%22font-size%22%3A%22.8rem%22%2C%22margin-top%22%3A%22100px%22%7D%7D”][vc_column_text]1 参见 OnAxis Franchising Grp LLC 诉 Harod,第 1:23-CV-4835 号(N.D. Ga. Dec. 28, 2023)(以违反合同为由签发初步禁令,并根据 GRCA 维护限制性约定的可执行性)。
2 317 Ga. 206, 892 S.E.2d 719 (2023).
3 根据联邦法律和佐治亚州法律,"'除最特殊的情况外,有效的法院选择条款[应]被赋予控制性权重'"。 OnAxis, supra, slip op. at 19-20 (citations omitted).[/vc_column_text][/us_vwrapper][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row color_scheme=”footer-bottom”][vc_column][vc_row_inner content_placement=”middle” columns_type=”1″][vc_column_inner width=”1/3″][us_image image=”810″ align=”center” style=”circle” size=”thumbnail” link=”%7B%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fin%2Fciceropatents%2F%20%22%2C%22target%22%3A%22_blank%22%7D”][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”2/3″][vc_column_text]
作者简介
迈克尔-西塞罗 是一个 泰勒英语杜马合作伙伴, LLP, located in Atlanta, Georgia. His career in the private practice of intellectual property law includes litigation and spans over 30 years. Michael currently represents clients in patent prosecution and opinions, trademark prosecution, and copyright matters. Since 2015, Michael has co-authored the trademark infringement and copyright infringement portions of the IP Litigation chapter appearing in Georgia Business Litigation, a book available through ALM Publications.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][/vc_column][/vc_row]