NDA 是商业秘密保护的必要第一步,但不足以强制执行

了解《捍卫商业秘密法》(DTSA)规定的举报人豁免权
Last Updated: 1 月 19, 2026
Updated by: Tangibly

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"我们所有的商业机密都包含在我们的标准格式 NDA 中,这还不够好吗?这是我们每周都会听到的问题,有时甚至每天都会听到,无论是来自公司内部还是外部律师。答案是肯定的 "不"。

人们可以将广泛分布的机构专有技术说成是商业秘密的时代已经一去不复返了。随着 2016 年《捍卫商业秘密法》的通过,商业秘密纠纷正逐渐进入上诉审查阶段,法院也在积极制定更精确的法律标准,以规范何时可以禁止涉嫌盗用行为或采取其他补救措施。因此,法院正在明确指出,仅仅依靠泛泛叙述其保密义务延伸至商业秘密的 NDA 或对被控商业秘密的宽泛描述,不足以促使法院制止被告的行为。

因此......如果你的商业秘密在被指控盗用之前没有被识别和记录,你可能会遭受与商业秘密所有者相同的不幸命运:

Mallet & Co.诉 Lacayo 案

必须具体指明商业秘密

在Mallet案中,商业秘密所有人指控前雇员在为竞争对手工作时窃取并使用了商业秘密。原告试图阻止前雇员及其新雇主与其竞争,并将被控盗用的商业秘密确定为 "连接......其产品的开发、生产、应用和实施的整体知识体系",并与专有设备结合使用。地区法院认为,"被告掌握的至少部分 Mallet 信息符合商业秘密的定义",包括 "关于 Mallet 如何生产、营销和销售其产品的高度敏感的细节"。地区法院进一步认定,被告确实盗用了原告的商业秘密,并批准了所请求的禁令。

在上诉中,上诉法院撤销了地区法院的禁令,指出 "虽然被告的行为似乎具有欺骗性,但除非充分查明所谓的商业秘密,否则不支持根据《商业秘密法》对盗用索赔实施初步禁令救济"。上诉法院还指出:"商业秘密所有者有责任证明其所声称的秘密是可保护的,而不是一般的行业知识。至于法院应该要求原告所有人提供多少具体内容,这也是一个具体情况具体分析的问题。我们无法提供一个明确的规则。我们所能做的就是说,Mallets 非常笼统的类别描述并不能 "充分确定其所主张的商业秘密信息......"。

换句话说,需要有文件证明某些资产是商业秘密,并且所有者已将其作为商业秘密对待,法院才能制止被指控的盗用行为。事实上,"商业秘密 "包含在 NDA 的广泛保密义务中并不足以在涉嫌盗用的案件中胜诉。

irth Solutions 诉 Apex Data Solutions

软件必须有明确的标识和描述,包括如何 "工作",才能获得商业秘密保护

Competitors irth Solutions and Apex Data Solutions both offer web-based software solutions that help protect underground assets from being damaged during excavation projects. The dispute arose when three of irth’s former customers provided login credentials to Apex’s owner, ostensibly to permit him to retrieve their data for migration to Apex’s platform. When irth reviewed the activity of its former customers on its web site, it discovered that Apex’s owner had logged into irth’s web site multiple times, ultimately copy 550 of its files. Subsequently, irth noticed that Apex began to offer features and modules similar to those offered to irth’s customers and filed suit to stop Apex from using the allegedly misappropriated trade secrets.

在法庭文件中,irth 将其商业秘密描述为 "源代码、系统架构和用户界面......[以及]单独或组合的[其]系统独特功能、图形显示和设计、系统架构、各种组件和模块、逻辑流、数据库、访问方法、支持程序和系统,以及相关数据和软件模式和模型、方法和属性,以及与软件定制相结合开发的任何脚本"。

虽然法院指出 "软件程序的整体设计可以作为商业秘密受到保护,即使该程序的各个组成部分是编程行业的常识",但法院认为irth公司没有 "足够具体地 "描述其软件商业秘密,因此无法发布禁令,并引用了第二巡回上诉法院的观点,即 "模糊和不确定的 "信息不能作为商业秘密受到保护。法院接着指出,"虽然没有必要在诉状中披露所称商业秘密的每一个细节,但[inth]本可以解释其软件依赖于特定时间开发的特定专有算法,且该算法无人拥有",或者它 "本可以密封提交一份[更详细的]所称商业秘密说明"。

换句话说,为了使软件程序可以作为商业秘密受到保护,除了 NDA 或许可协议中包含的对复制和反向工程的典型限制之外,软件程序的所有者还必须向法院提供信息,至少说明其软件程序作为一个整体是如何工作的,程序功能之间的相互关联方式,以及使程序工作的方法。

ZABIT 等人诉 BRANDOMETRY 有限责任公司等人案

在未签订保密协议的情况下披露信息,就不能宣称其为《商业秘密法》下的商业秘密

Zabit developed a stock index using brand data and stock prices to identify undervalued financial assets. The “proprietary algorithm” powering the stock index calculated the “spread between a company’s brand value and its stock price to identify stocks with unrealized value.” While commercializing the stock index, Zabit met with Defendants several times to negotiate an investment in Zabit. The terms of the investment were agreed and Zabit and the Defendants entered into a series of agreements, one of which required Zabit to satisfy certain capital calls made by Defendants or suffer ownership dilution and one of which gave some of the Defendants an “exclusive, perpetual, royalty-free license to use the [index] to develop financial products.” Unfortunately for the Plaintiffs, the license agreement did not include any confidentiality obligations or other restrictions limiting disclosure of information relating to the index or the underlying algorithm.

此后不久,被告催缴资本,Zabit 当然无力支付。因此,Zabit 对原告的所有权被稀释,他失去了被告对其经营实体的控制权。此后,被告取消了许可协议,并从交易 Zabit 股票指数的交易所撤销了该指数,取而代之的是一个新的指数。Zabit 声称,新指数是用窃取的知识产权(即为 Zabit 指数提供动力的算法和公式)创建的,并根据 DTSA 提出了侵占指控。

原告将其商业秘密定义为 "用于开发[Zabit]指数和[Zabit]ETF并继续作为其基础的算法、专有公式、模式、方法、技术信息、流程、程序、代码和信息汇编"。虽然法院承认原告对其商业秘密的定义很宽泛,但法院认为,该定义提供了有关所谓秘密的充分通知,因为原告能够将宽泛的信息类别与[Zabit]指数的具体算法联系起来。

尽管原告声称他们依靠 "非披露和保密协议网络 "对其信息保密,但法院认为,鉴于原告承认的事实,这些努力是不够的。这些事实包括原告未能在与被告签订的许可协议中纳入保密和不披露义务,以及原告承认和确认有几个实体和个人知道算法的细节,但没有受到任何保密协议的约束或以其他方式被指示对信息保密。法院指出,当 "一个人将其商业秘密披露给没有义务保护信息机密的其他人时,......他的财产权就消灭了"。

换句话说,披露商业秘密而不附带保密义务,即使其他人有义务这样做,也不符合 "合理措施 "标准。

威廉姆森诉 Prime Sports Marketing 等公司

必须具体指明商业秘密

NBA 球星锡安-威廉姆森(Zion Williamson)在杜克大学读大一的时候与 Prime Sports 公司签订了一份营销协议。他起诉 Prime Sports 公司,要求废除该营销协议,理由是该协议违反了北卡罗来纳州的《统一运动员代理法》,因为协议中没有 "明显 "地警告学生运动员签署该合同将导致其失去校际参赛资格。

作为回应,Prime Sports 对威廉姆森提出反诉,包括违反《北卡罗来纳州商业秘密保护法》盗用商业秘密。Prime Sports 声称,他们为威廉姆森制定的 "战略性、全面性和广泛性营销计划","包括被告为威廉姆森获得的众多价值数百万美元的战略性品牌和营销代言、合同和/或机会",构成了 "专有 "商业秘密。Prime Sports 还称,他们将威廉姆森打造成 "第一锡安-威廉姆森 "而非 "下一个勒布朗 "的想法,以及一份品牌管理战略文件,包括一份按 "鞋类和服装 "及 "奢侈品 "等类别分类的公司名单,均属于商业秘密。法院很快驳回了 Prime Sports 的诉讼请求,认为指控过于含糊,无法证明存在任何商业秘密,而且 "第一锡安-威廉姆森 "的概念广为人知,很容易确定,因此不符合商业秘密保护的条件。法院指出,这样的品牌计划并不新鲜--勒布朗-詹姆斯的经纪人公开表示,他的重点是让詹姆斯成为 "第一个勒布朗-詹姆斯",而不是 "第二个迈克尔-乔丹"。法院还得出结论,品牌管理战略 "似乎并不包含任何无法通过观看任何一场 NBA 电视转播比赛的广告而轻易确定的信息",因此并不构成商业秘密。

底线

These four cases are a sampling of a clear trend – having a signed NDA is just the beginning of protecting your valuable trade secrets. Owners must be clear and specific on what their trade secrets are to improve their chance of success once a misappropriation occurs.

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